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Heavy Metal Analysis of Selected Estuarine Fish Species from Oron River, Oron Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Ayotunde Ezekiel Olatunji,
Udeh Grace Njoku,
Ada Fidelis Bekeh
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
50-56
Received:
3 July 2021
Accepted:
28 July 2021
Published:
30 October 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20210404.11
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Abstract: Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem, heavy metals belonging to the most important pollutants. The progress of industries has led to increased emission of pollutants into ecosystems. Oron River is one of the most important aquatic environment, which receives effluents discharges from heavily industrialized and highly populated settlements. Metals tend to accumulate in water and move up through the food chain. So, studies to ascertain the level of heavy metals in environment and determine potentially hazardous levels for human are necessary. In this study heavy the heavy metals profile [Lead (Pd), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe)], in sea food with special reference to selected fishes Hydrocynus lineatus (African tiger fish), Chrysichthys aluuensis (Catfish), Distichodus rostratus (Grass eater), Tilapia guieensis (Tilapia), Arius gigas (Giant sea catfish) using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The heavy metal profile was observed in the order of intestine, gills, skin and Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron and Zinc respectively. Most of the metals were below the maximum allowable levels set by WHO, FEPA and USEPA except Chromium with 1.02 on the gills. This indicates that an urban and industrial waste discharged into Oron River has a significant effect on the ecological balance of the river, which shows that the fish species and seafood from the river are safe for consumption. In conclusion, the levels of heavy metals observed in the fish and water samples can be considered as a serious matter. More safe and economic methods for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters are needed and continuous assessment of the level of pollution of the lake waters and fish with heavy metals is also necessary. Safe disposals of domestic sewage and industrial effluents as well as enforcement of laws enacted to protect our environment are therefore advocated.
Abstract: Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem, heavy metals belonging to the most important pollutants. The progress of industries has led to increased emission of pollutants into ecosystems. Oron River is one of the most important aquatic environment, which receives effluents discharges from heavily industrialized and highly populated settlements...
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Therapeutical Management of Canine Babesiosis in German Shepherd Bitch at Hyderabad, Sindh
Ali Gul Soomro,
Muhammad Bilawal Arain,
Adnan Yousaf,
Faiza Rubab,
Sadia Nusrat Sharna,
Mughir Khan Lodhi
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
57-60
Received:
7 September 2021
Accepted:
24 September 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20210404.12
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Abstract: A two-year-old German shepherd bitch weighing 25 kg was shown to the Clinical Department of Veterinary Medicine Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. Anamnesis revealed 10 days of anorexia, 2 instances of emesis, brown urine, increased water consumption, and intermittent lethargy. Bitch appeared malnourished and had a poor hair coat. Clinical examination revealed a 104.2°F temperature, 128/min heart rate, and 54/min respiration rate, respectively, as well as pale conjunctiva and mucous membrane, elevated CRT, and skin tent twisting time. A stained thin blood smear was examined under a microscope for diagnosis, and a complete blood count (CBC) was performed. The erythrocytic parasite was discovered in a thin blood smear stained with field stain and studied under a compound microscope at 100X magnification. The CBC report revealed anaemia, with a 3.7x1012/L, 23.4%, and 8.2g/dL erythrocytic count, Hematocrit, and haemoglobin level of 3.7x1012/L, 23.4%, and 8.2g/dL, respectively. The blood test and CBC report revealed that the dog had canine babesiosis, which was treated with a single shot of IMIDOCARB DIPROPIONATE, 21 days of Doxycycline Monohydrate, and 7 days of metronidazole. Supportive therapy was also administered till the patient was able to eat properly. When the 21-day treatment period concluded, Bitch was entirely recovered.
Abstract: A two-year-old German shepherd bitch weighing 25 kg was shown to the Clinical Department of Veterinary Medicine Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. Anamnesis revealed 10 days of anorexia, 2 instances of emesis, brown urine, increased water consumption, and intermittent lethargy. Bitch appeared malnourished and had a poor hair coat. Cli...
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Incidence of Bovine Anaplasma Marginale in Sindh, Pakistan
Abdullah Babar,
Adnan Yousaf,
Saqib Ali Fazilani,
Muhammad Naeem Jan
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
61-64
Received:
8 September 2021
Accepted:
23 September 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20210404.13
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Abstract: The goal of the study was to look at the Incidence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle in the Thatta, Tharparkar and Hyderabad districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Using a multistage cluster random sampling technique, a total of n=1500 samples were obtained from chosen small holders and private animal farms. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, the overall Incidence of Anapalsma marginale infection was 38.13% (cELISA). The district with the greatest Incidence was Tharparkar (42.4%), followed by Thatta (37.2%) and Hyderabad (34.8%). Different age groups and breeds were shown to have a significant association. Competitive ELISA based on major surface protein-5 has a significant advantage over other serological markers for anaplasmosis because of its superior sensitivity (96%) and specificity (95%) for anaplasmosis. In all of the study districts, Incidence was considerably greater in small holders than in private livestock farms. In the summer, small-holder crossbred cattle over the age of four years from the Tharparkar district are more susceptible to Anaplasma marginale infection. The Tharparkar district's moderate climate encourages vector tick proliferation and multiplication. Furthermore, the higher Incidence of R. (Boophilus) microplus and stall feeding methods at Tharparkar may have contributed to the higher Incidence of Anaplasma marginale infection. The large variance in Incidence between study districts is explained by the fact that major parts of study districts have unique agro-ecological zones.
Abstract: The goal of the study was to look at the Incidence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle in the Thatta, Tharparkar and Hyderabad districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Using a multistage cluster random sampling technique, a total of n=1500 samples were obtained from chosen small holders and private animal farms. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent te...
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Assessments of Prevalence of Brucellosis in Camels Through the Contrast of Serological Assessments in South Punjab, Pakistan
Mahnoor Khan Jamali,
Adnan Yousaf,
Inayatullah Sarki,
Abdullah Babar,
Sadia Nusrat Sharna
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
65-68
Received:
2 September 2021
Accepted:
22 September 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20210404.14
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Abstract: A study was done to investigate the incidence of Brucella abortus in Camels in different districts of South Punjab. Brucellosis is a disease that affects a variety of animals, including humans, and it is more severe in humans than in animals. Because of its zoonotic nature, it poses a significant threat to human health. In this study, we tested n = 170 sera samples and n = 60 milk samples from camels in four districts of Pakistan's South Punjab province. Different diagnostic test was used to investigate the efficacy of detecting Brucella in the blood of infected animals after serum samples were proven to be positive for B. abortus by serology. Serological techniques such as the c-ELISA, Serum Agglutination Test, and Rose Bengal Plate Test were used to diagnose Brucella abortus. The screening tests employed were the Rose Bengal Plate Test, serum agglutination test, and competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA), and the overall prevalence of brucellosis was found to be 18.24%, 18.24%, and 12.94%, respectively, by the RBPT, SAT, and c-ELISA tests. RBPT and SAT tests revealed that females 20% had a higher prevalence than males 16.47%. Antibodies to the infection were detected in milk samples, however none of the samples were determined to be brucellosis diagnostic. According to the findings, brucellosis is widespread among camels in the studied areas.
Abstract: A study was done to investigate the incidence of Brucella abortus in Camels in different districts of South Punjab. Brucellosis is a disease that affects a variety of animals, including humans, and it is more severe in humans than in animals. Because of its zoonotic nature, it poses a significant threat to human health. In this study, we tested n =...
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Therapeutic Management of Tetanus in a Kamori Male Goat
Ali Gul Soomro,
Adnan Yousaf,
Muhammad Fawad,
Sahar Fatima,
Mahnoor Khan Jamali
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
69-71
Received:
5 September 2021
Accepted:
23 September 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20210404.15
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Abstract: Tetanus is a prenatal disease caused by the anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria Clostridium tetani, which is Gram-positive and anaerobic. With complains of hunger, uneven gait, and gradual loss of body condition, a two-year-old Kamori buck weighing around 60 kg was brought to the outdoor clinics of the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. According to history, the animal was castrated 10 days prior by a local quack using a regular shaving blade. On the day of the assessment, visual examination revealed that the wound had not fully healed. The fore and hind leg muscles were rigid, the nictitating membrane was prolapsed, and there was hyperesthesia on physical examination. It was diagnosed with tetanus due to the existence of a contaminated wound and clinical indications. The Graham’s staining of the fresh smear revealed gram +ve rod shape bacteria that appeared like drumsticks. Furthermore, the Clostridium tetani was cultured and Isolated from the deep necrotic tissue of the wound. Procaine penicillin (44,000 IU/kg IM) and diazepam (0.1 mg/kg IM) were given to the animal. The treatment was supposed to last five days. The wound was debrided and hydrogen peroxide was used to clean it. Trismus was minimized and the animal's gait improved on the third day of treatment. Overall, tetanus was found in goats, and treatment resulted in improved health outcomes.
Abstract: Tetanus is a prenatal disease caused by the anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria Clostridium tetani, which is Gram-positive and anaerobic. With complains of hunger, uneven gait, and gradual loss of body condition, a two-year-old Kamori buck weighing around 60 kg was brought to the outdoor clinics of the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics,...
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